Atomic Number 13 - Interesting Aluminum Facts

Atomic Number 13 - Interesting Aluminum Facts Aluminum (aluminium) is the element that is atomic number 13 on the periodic table. Its element symbol is Al and its atomic mass is 26.98. Each atom of aluminum contains 18 protons. Aluminum atoms with fewer than 18 electrons are cations, while those with more than 18 electrons are anions. The isotope of aluminum is determined by its number of neutrons. Here is a collection of interesting facts about atomic number 13. Element Atomic Number 13 Facts Pure aluminum is a soft, nonmagnetic silvery-white metal. Most people are familiar with the pure elements appearance from aluminum foil or cans. Unlike many other metals, aluminum is not very ductile, which means it isnt readily drawn into wires. Aluminum is strong, yet light  compared with most other metals.Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earths crust  (about 8%) and the most abundant metal.Aluminum ore (bauxite) is mined, chemically refined into alumina (aluminum oxide) using the Bayer process, and finally refined into aluminum metal using the electrolytic Hall-Heroult process. The modern process requires considerable energy, yet its much easier than past refining methods. It was so difficult to obtain element 13 that is was considered a precious metal. Napoleon III served dinners to his most important guests on aluminum platters, leaving lesser guests to dine using gold!In 1884, the cap of the Washington Monument was made using aluminum because the metal was so highly valued at that time. Only 5% of the energy needed to purify aluminum from alumina is required to recycle aluminum from scrap. In fact, you can even recycle the element at home, if you like.The name for element 13 has been either aluminum or aluminium. We can blame the English chemist, Sir Humphy Davy, for the confusion. Davy initially called the element alumium in 1807, from the mineral alumina. Davy changed the name to aluminum and then finally to aluminium in 1812. The -um spelling persisted in Britain for a while, eventually changing to aluminium. Chemists in the United States actually used the -ium ending, shifting toward the -um ending in the 1900s. In the 1990s, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry formally determined element 13 should be aluminium, yet the -um spelling persists in the U.S. Its worth noting that despite the naming controversy he caused, Davy neither discovered the element nor isolated it!Although aluminum is present in over 270 minerals and is widely abundant, the element does not appear to serve a biological role in either animals or plants. The presence of aluminum salts is generally tolerated by animals and plants. However, in high doses aluminum exposure alters the function of the blood-brain barrier. Some people are allergic to aluminum. Ingesting acidic foods increases aluminum absorption, while the flavor enhancer maltol increases its accumulation in bones and nerves. Aluminum increases estrogen-related gene expression in breast cells of humans. The US Department of Health and Human Services classifies aluminum as a non-carcinogen. Whether or not aluminum is a factor in Alzheimers disease is a matter of debate. It is unknown whether aluminum contributes to the degenerative disease or whether developing the disease results in accumulation of the element. Element atomic number 13 conducts electricity, although not as well as silver, copper, or gold. If you have metal dental fillings or braces, you can experience this firsthand. When you bite on a piece of aluminum foil, the salts in saliva conduct electricity between the foil and the filling, creating a type of galvanic battery and delivering an electrical shock to your mouth.Uses of aluminum are second only to those of iron and its alloys. While nearly pure aluminum may be used, the element is also alloys with copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and silicon. The pure element is used when corrosion resistance is paramount. Alloys are used where strength or hardness are important. Aluminum is used in beverage containers because of its corrosion resistance. The metal is used in construction, transportation, and to make everyday household items. High-purity aluminum is used in wires, electronics, and CDs. The metal is used to make reflective surfaces and paint. Some string instruments, e specially guitars, have aluminum bodies. Aircraft bodies are made of aluminum alloyed with magnesium.

Ohr OKeefe Museum essays

Ohr OKeefe Museum essays The class meeting was held at Ohr OKeefe Museum of Art in downtown Biloxi. He is also known as the mad potter in Biloxi and the reputation and respect toward his pottery works were gained not to long ago. One of his pots, which were displayed on the second floor of the museum, grabbed my attention. It was called the George Ohr Lighthouse Pot. He used his skills to express the most famous landscape in this town, the lighthouse in Biloxi. Here is the description of this art work from the museum: Takes its name from the historic Biloxi Lighthouse, which is depicted on one side. The unusual shape, fluted rim and use of incised designs are characteristics of George Ohrs art pottery style. The description of the landscape that was displayed on the surface of this piece of art is realistic. George Ohr tried to record the beautiful landscape of his town as real as possible. The main color that was used on this pot is green and the lines that he have created to express the scenery was yellow. In my opinion, the color choice of the artist came from the image of his town. The color of green might have been perfect for him to express his peaceful town surrounded by beautiful nature. It is interesting when you realize that the state of Mississippi use yellow and green colored license plates for vehicles. Is it just a coincidence? This work of art put me into relaxed and peaceful mood, so peaceful that I just wanted to lay down on the floor at the museum. The curved lines, which were used to express the nature, and also on the shape of the pot, adds the smoothness to it. The selection of the green color as the main color also made me feel like I was taking a trip by myself. At the same time, the unusual shape of the pot, the fluted rim, and the glossy texture makes it more interesting. I really enjoyed his works of art because of the extinguishable technique that he introduced to the world of pottery. ...

Comparison of Elementary and Secondary Education Act, NCLB, Race to Research Paper

Comparison of Elementary and Secondary Education Act, NCLB, Race to the Top - Research Paper Example For years, Congress has attempted to reform it with little results. Upon the election of President Obama, efforts to reform this act is reinvigorated. The Obama government released the â€Å"Blueprint for Reform† last March, 2010. The Blueprint for Reform is a proposal for the re-authorization of the ESEA/NCLB, and is based on the successes of the â€Å"Race to the Top† (RTT) (Morrell, 2010, p.146). RTT is a plan for the increase of test-based accountability, centralization, standardization of education. The changes from the ESEA of 1965 up to the RTT and Blueprint for Reform of 2010 created the modification of the education system from â€Å"district-designed curriculum and testing under Johnson, to state-driven standards and testing under Clinton and Bush, to national curriculum standards and high stakes tests under Obama† (Onosko, n.d., p.1). Specifics ESEA ESEA's enactment in 1965 demonstrated the federal government's push for the improvement of public educat ion (Standerfer, 2006, p.26). Ever since then, the government played an increasingly significant role toward education. Through the Department of Education founded in 1980, the government is able to set standards for the quality of educators, provide funds for school libraries in low-income schools, etc (Hustedt & Barnett, 2011, p.168). As the federal funds assisting K-12 spending increased significantly over the years, the requirement for local and state schools reporting also increased, yet, is prohibits the creation of a national curriculum. It states that by providing equal access to quality education, achievement gaps among students are lessened. It mandates that funds be provided for the ESEA, NCLB, and RTT 3 promotion of parental involvement, support of educational programs and materials, and professional development. Every five years, the act has been re-authorized (Standerfer, 2006, pp.26-7). One of the most recent re-authorizations is the NCLB. NCLB NCLB mandates that ever y state should have a challenging achievement standards and curriculum particularly for Math, Science, and English. This means that states should have a benchmark of the achievement level and learning expectations for a specific grade level. However, despite mandating a state-driven curriculum, NCLB does not impose any requirement on the academic standards and curriculum created by each state. Because of this, it created a great disparity among the states' quality standards (Strunk & McEachin, 2011, pp.879-81). RTT or Blueprint for Reform The Blueprint for Reform is based on the RTT, which is the Department of Education's competition to promote reforms to the quality standards set by each state. It was announced in July, 2009, and awarded schools for meeting the requirements of nationwide standards on performance. Because of this, several critics argue that the effect is a weakened public education as it promotes charter schools. Furthermore, several are doubtful of the reliability of high-stakes tests. Despite the criticism, it spawned the idea for the Blueprint of Reform where each state is required to develop standards in Math and English that would promote college readiness. States are given 2 options in developing such standards. One is to work with the public education system to ensure that, despite the states keeping their own quality standards, they are meeting the requirements set for college readiness.

Of the emergency room patient population, are visits negatively Research Paper

Of the emergency room patient population, are visits negatively impacted due to extended wait times, nursing staff shortages, an - Research Paper Example The issue under consideration was to investigate the impact of wait times on the emergency room population. The research aimed to investigate the impact of waiting time on the emergency department patients in St Barnabas Hospital. The comparison was the availability of timely and effective service in the emergency department. The outcome of the research was that the conditions of patients who were kept waiting for long worsened. The research was carried out in a timeframe of one month in October 2007. The research of Munro et al (2007) was also considered in analyzing the research question. Munro et al (2007) conducted a research to investigate effective measures of reducing emergency departments’ waiting times and the impact of the reduction of waiting time. The population of the study was medical professionals that worked in emergency departments in England. The issue that was investigated by the researchers was to determine the measures that the emergency centers had put in place during the national monitoring week. The researchers were also interested in determining which of the measures were effective. It should be noted that the issue of long waiting times in hospitals in the area had become of major concern. The comparison was between the changes in waiting time during normal operations of the emergency departments and during the national monitoring week. ... The third research that was analyzed in relation to the research problem was by Cimona (2010). The research was conducted at the Saint Rita’s Hospital in South Africa. The emergency department in this hospital catered for both casualty and medical emergencies. The study population was all patients who attended the emergency department in the hospital. On average, there were 120 patients per day and over the entire study period a total of 2,400 patients attended the hospital for the period of the study. A random sample of 30 patients were used for the study every day form Monday to Friday during the month of July 2010. The outcome of this research was that longer waiting time meant that patients suffered more sometimes leading to preventable deaths. For instance, a patient with severe injuries suffers more when he or she has to wait for extended periods before receiving the service of a doctor. The outcome of the study was that patient waiting time was affected by availability of emergency beds, number of nurses and general laxity in service provision. Thus, the number of available staff and their work ethic had an impact on the quality of service that emergency room patients could receive. The fourth research considered was a study by Arkun et al (2010). The study was conducted on a sample population of 1,543 patients in the emergency department at an urban Level II Trauma center. In this research, the comparison was between the door-to-doctor periods in the emergency department in relation to the level of satisfaction of the clients. The outcome of the study of the 1,543 patients was that the average wait time to see a doctor was 1.8 hours. Also, the average dwell time for the patients was obtained as 5.5 hours. Patients who

An Evaluation of Emergency Plan for Hurricanes and Natural Disasters Research Paper - 1

An Evaluation of Emergency Plan for Hurricanes and Natural Disasters - Research Paper Example rs, it has been observed that these changes have been occurring quite more often in today’s world due to atmospheric and climatic imbalances that appear in different natural disasters such as volcanoes, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes and most recently the tsunami that have shattered the lives of many in past few years and most recently in Japan. It has been observed that with every hazard that occur, it becomes highly important for the state to react and take spontaneous measures to tackle the situation immediately for becoming more grave and to lower down the intensity of the situation by implementing a thorough strategy that outlines the quickest most relief efforts on immediate basis to help the victims and the affectees of the disaster. For countering such serious situations, it is very important for the governments around the world to take strong measures and to have an emergency plan or a policy that defines all the phases required for early relief and recovery of th e localities hit by the disaster. It is highly imperative to understand the significance of the disaster management plan and the whole process that is involved in relief operation during the time of disaster and it is also very important to understand that how the success of the plan can be acquired through its implementation. Disaster management is a strategy that is devised in case of any natural calamity happens. It has also been termed as the disaster recovery management that can be strategized and become operational during the time of any disaster or a major catastrophe that can affect the human population on a large scale. Around the world in majority of the countries where natural disasters become a part of their lives, governments strategize such disaster or emergency plans for quick relief measures in order to restore the normal operations or the routine life in the areas hit by disasters. The disaster management policy or plan depends on certain essential elements. But one of the

Cause of the Difference between West and East Eating Habit

Cause of the Difference between West and East Eating Habit The Cause of the Difference between West and East Eating Habit   1. Introduction Why people distinguish calling between Western and Eastern or Eastern and Western.   There are many reasons, maybe it is because that it is divided by ocean which people cannot easily cross.   In the other word, East countries and West countries were not easily connected until some point in the past. In that sense, food culture is also very different. Even though eating habit is a part of food culture, there is an obvious contrast between the East and West.   In this report, we will compare what is different about the eating habits and find out nutritional problems. 2. Methodology Data was collected from international co-worker and friends from March of 2017, aged 25~35 year olds. 3.1. The Cause of Different Eating Habit between Western and Eastern   Ã‚  Ã‚   a. Main food ingredients for environment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -The most of the Eastern countries have good weather for growing grains. Among them is especially rice. The rice grows well in the monsoon climate. The features of monsoon climate are the seasonal change of the wind, the humid summer, and the dry winter. Though this climate often brings death and destruction, monsoon rains are an annual phenomenon in Asia and are vital for food productivity and overall economic growth.   This led to the development of rice and vegetable dish rather than western. On the contrary, most of the Western countries climate have suited the wheat and livestock industry Suraj Yadav (2014)provide information about wheat which is well growing in cool, moist climate and ripens in a warm, dry climate. U.S Department of Agriculture (2011) provide information about a largeof wheat is still have been produced in the Western and it has been exporting to the Asian countries. http://necsi.edu/research/economics/grainconsumption.html    For this reason, a variety of flour based food has been created and have developed in the West, for example, bread, pizza, pasta and so on. Also, there is a wide range of fields for raising livestock. This was a good way to get quality meat, so eating a meat meal is common. Therefore, the recipe and cooking methods for bread and meat have developed, Even now, there are many kinds of food which are using the wheat and meat than East. On the other hand, the kind of recipes for rice and vegetables in the West countries are very few compared to East countries.   Ã‚   b. Differences Food Culture   Ã‚   We can see the difference in eating habit by the tool.    Westerners cook the food ingredients in large pieces and cut the food on their plates using knives and forks while east people cut food ingredients into bite size before cooking, then use chopsticks to eat. The use of these tools is affecting the cooking time and eating time. To put it simply, Western food tends to need more time to cook and eat, because using the big food ingredients through that survey, we can know this information 2) The Problem of Each Eating Habit a. The problem about eating habits It is commonly known that Eastern people eat food quickly. As mentioned above, this is why, it is influenced by the cooking tool and cooking methods, but it causes obesity because when people eat fast, people normally feel less satiated than those who eat slower and therefore end up overeating.   Ann MacDonald(2011)who is Harvard health contributor said that people who eat fast tend to consume more because they do not give their brains a chance to tell the body that it is full, even they tend to swallow food without enough chew, and prefer the spicy flavour, but these eating habits are very harmful to stomach. On the other hand, a lot of Western people prefer frying as cooking methods. Many dishes are easily cooked by this methods, but it can cause many diseases such as obesity, hypertension.   S.D. Wells(2011)warn about the danger of fried foodand they tend to prefer sweetness. Sweetness is a property of sugar. It is known to be the cause of diabetes and obesity, and Julie Corliss(2014) executive editor said that sugar may raise the risk of dying of heart disease. b. The nutrition problem of each main food.   Ã‚   For our health, we should carefully check and study food nutrition facts.   Let us take a look at the rice and wheat which we were examples above. RICE http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/cereal-grains-and-pasta/5716/2 Nutrition Information As you can see in the chart, rice has high calories, the nutrient which can be a cause of obesity and these nutrient elements that are more important such as less vitamin B, protein WHEAT Nutrition Information Wheat has long been controversial among a great number of scientist. Wheat has many nutrients but also has many problems. KRIS Gunnars(2013)said that wheat contains a gluten which many people cannot properly digest. It causes anaemia, bloating and so on. Conclusion To sum up from what has been discussed above, it goes without saying that our eating habits are influenced by various environmental factors and our eating habits have a lot of problems. Especially, obesity and adult disease coming from wrong eating habits are the serious problems in a modern society. We need to lay our heads together to solve that problem. We should try healthy eating habits to live a happy and healthy life. The Reference List       Ann, M. (2010, Oct 19).Why eating slowly may help you feel full faster. Retrieved from   http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/why-eating-slowly-may-help-you-feel-full-faster-20101019605 Julie, C. (2014, Feb 06).Eating too much added sugar increases the risk of dying with heart disease. Retrieved from http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/eating-too-much-added-sugar-increases-the-risk-of-dying-with-heart-disease-201402067021 3)   Kris, G. (2013, May 27).Potential problems with whole wheat. Retrieved from https://authoritynutrition.com/6-ways-wheat-can-destroy-your-health/ Suraj, Y. (2014, APR 15). Climatic conditions for growing wheat. Retrieved from http://www.importantindia.com/12612/climatic-conditions-for-growing-wheat/ U.S Department of Agriculture. (2011). Global Grain Consumption Map. Retrieved from http://necsi.edu/research/economics/grainconsumption.html Wells, S. (2011, Dec 26).Health Basics : Why are fried foods terrible for your health?. Retrieved from http://www.naturalnews.com/034483_fried_foods_health_damage.html

How to Write a Last-minute Essay -- Expository Process Essays

How to Write a Last-minute Essay In high school I was assigned a number of essays to write. With each essay came a lengthy period of time when I was to brainstorm, develop a thesis, piece together an introduction, craft supporting arguments, and deliver an exemplary conclusion. After several attempts at stretching out this process over the allotted time, I discovered that it was to my advantage if I saved the entire project until the last day or two and raced myself against the deadline clock. What resulted in almost all my efforts were pieces of writing that used my creative talent and focused my incessant desire to write into a clear essay. Now that I am taking a college composition course, I feel that the skill of writing a quality last-minute essay under pressure should be shared with my companions in the world of college writing. To successfully piece together a last-minute essay, a topic must be selected and agreed upon before sitting down to write. This ensures that the writer can stay mentally focused and be able to concentrate solely on writing the essay. Once the to...